Type: City
Ancient Names: Πέλλα (Greek, Classical period)
Modern Name: Pella
Country: Greece
Coordinates: 40.7586° N, 22.5244° E
Description: Birthplace of Alexander the Great and the ancient capital of Macedon.
Historical Significance: Pella played a central role in Macedonian history, serving as the kingdom’s capital and a major cultural center. It was the starting point for Alexander's conquests and the power base of his father, Philip II.
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Archaeological Status: Excavated; remains include palatial structures, mosaics, and inscriptions.
Type: Battlefield
Ancient Names: Granicus River (Greek: Γρανικός Ποταμός)
Modern Name: Biga Çayı
Country: Turkey
Coordinates: 39.8894° N, 27.1267° E
Description: The site of Alexander’s first major battle against the Persian Empire in 334 BCE.
Historical Significance: Marked the first major engagement between Alexander and the Persian Empire, securing his foothold in Asia Minor.
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Archaeological Status: No significant remains, exact battlefield debated.
Type: Battlefield
Ancient Names: Issus (Greek: Ἱσσός)
Modern Name: Near Dörtyol, Hatay Province
Country: Turkey
Coordinates: 36.5814° N, 36.1572° E
Description: The battle where Alexander decisively defeated King Darius III of Persia in 333 BCE.
Historical Significance: Established Alexander’s dominance over the Persian forces in the western empire and solidified his reputation as a formidable commander.
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Archaeological Status: No confirmed battlefield remains, debated location.
Type: Battlefield
Ancient Names: Gaugamela (Greek: Γαυγάμηλα)
Modern Name: Near Tell Gomel, Iraqi Kurdistan
Country: Iraq
Coordinates: 36.3850° N, 43.3725° E
Description: The decisive battle in 331 BCE that led to the fall of the Persian Empire.
Historical Significance: Marked the collapse of the Achaemenid Empire and secured Alexander’s claim as King of Asia.
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Archaeological Status: Unconfirmed battlefield remains.
Type: City
Ancient Names: Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Greek, founded 331 BCE)
Modern Name: Alexandria
Country: Egypt
Coordinates: 31.2001° N, 29.9187° E
Description: One of the most famous cities founded by Alexander, later a major center of Hellenistic culture.
Historical Significance: Served as a crucial center of Greek culture and administration in Egypt, flourishing for centuries.
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Archaeological Status: Partially excavated; remains of the ancient city exist beneath modern Alexandria.