This glossary provides concise, clear definitions of essential historical, military, geographic, and cultural terms associated with Alexander the Great. Ideal for historians, students, educators, and enthusiasts, this guide offers an accessible reference for exploring Alexander's extraordinary life, conquests, and legacy.
Known as Alexander the Great; King of Macedonia (356–323 BC), renowned for his extensive empire stretching from Greece to India.
City in Egypt founded by Alexander in 331 BC; became a major cultural and intellectual center.
Famous Greek philosopher and scientist; Alexander’s tutor during his youth.
Significant victory by Alexander over Persian King Darius III, opening the path into Egypt.
Decisive battle where Alexander defeated Darius III, securing Persian territories.
Elite cavalry and close companions who formed Alexander's personal guard and core battlefield force.
The last king of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, defeated multiple times by Alexander.
Successors of Alexander, generals and friends who divided his empire after his death.
Legendary knot associated with prophecy; famously "solved" by Alexander in Gordium, symbolizing his destined conquest of Asia.
Alexander’s first major victory against Persian forces in Asia Minor.
Spread of Greek culture, ideas, and influence across Alexander’s empire and beyond.
Closest companion, trusted general, and lifelong friend of Alexander.
Military formation of infantry armed with long spears (sarissa); cornerstone of Alexander’s tactical success.
Oracle at Siwa Oasis, Egypt, which declared Alexander a divine son of Zeus-Ammon, enhancing his status and authority.
Ancient capital of Persia, captured and partially destroyed by Alexander’s forces in 330 BC.
General under Alexander; later founded Egypt’s Ptolemaic dynasty after Alexander's death.
Wife of Alexander, a noblewoman from Bactria; mother of Alexander IV.
Major siege in Phoenicia where Alexander overcame heavy fortifications to secure strategic coastal territory.
Conflicts fought among Alexander’s successors over the division of his empire following his death.
Hybrid Greek-Egyptian deity identified with Zeus, worshipped prominently after Alexander’s visit to Siwa Oasis.